Identification of variables that improvement of the cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) supply chain and their importance for development of VRAEM - Perú
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51252/raa.v3i2.465Keywords:
agriculture, MICMAC, prospecting, strategic variablesAbstract
The limited information available on the current situation of cocoa cultivation along the Apurimac, Ene and Mantaro river valleys (VRAEM) has resulted in limitations for its promotion. Therefore, it was necessary to identify strategic variables (SV) and collect field data in order to promote and understand the situation of the crop. Firstly, the methodology of structural analysis MICMAC (Cross Impact and Multiplication Matrix Applied to a Classification) was used. Secondly, surveys were conducted with 223 farmers. The result was that the promotion of cultivation among young people is a variable that would contribute to the improvement of the production chain. However, no farmers under 41 years of age were found in any district. In addition, it was identified that the variables organic agriculture, characterization of local genotypes and implementation of clonal gardens would catalyze the supply system. However, the preference for CCN51 and criollo varieties (>50%). Also, the very low number of certified farmers (2% - 10%). In sum, they show the urgency of addressing these issues in order to improve the cocoa production chain and involve public and private organizations.
Downloads
References
Aceituno Olivares, P. (2017). Prospectiva: Bases y práctica fundamental para la toma de decisiones (1st ed.). Ediciones Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana. https://repositorio.iaen.edu.ec/handle/24000/4994
Aguilar-Barojas, S. (2005). Fórmulas para el cálculo de la muestra en investigaciones de salud. Salud En Tabasco, 11(1–2), 333–338. https://biblat.unam.mx/hevila/SaludenTabasco/2005/vol11/no1-2/5.pdf
Arias-Gómez, J., Villasís-Keever, M. Á., & Miranda-Novales, M. G. (2016). El protocolo de investigación III: la población de estudio. Revista Alergia México, 63(2), 201–206. https://doi.org/10.29262/ram.v63i2.181
Aziziah, S. A., & Setiawina, N. D. (2020). What is The Demand For Cocoa on The European Market?. Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia. https://www.cbi.eu/market-information/cocoa/what-demand
Badgley, C., Moghtader, J., Quintero, E., Zakem, E., Chappell, M. J., Avilés-Vázquez, K., Samulon, A., & Perfecto, I. (2007). Organic agriculture and the global food supply. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 22(2), 86–108. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742170507001640
Beg, M. S., Ahmad, S., Jan, K., & Bashir, K. (2017). Status, supply chain and processing of cocoa - A review. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 66, 108–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.06.007
Benjumea-Arias, M., Castañeda, L., & Valencia-Arias, A. (2016). Structural Analysis of Strategic Variables through MICMAC Use: Case Study. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n4p11
Céspedes-del Pozo, W. H., Blas-Sevillano, R., & Zhang, D. (2017). Assessing genetic diversity of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) Nativo Chuncho in La Convención, Cusco-Perú. International Symposium on Cocoa Research (ISCR). https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20203127068
Cheesman, E. E. (1944). Notes on the nomenclature, classification and possible relationships of cacao populations. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad), 21(8), 144–159. https://journals.sta.uwi.edu/ojs/index.php/ta/article/view/5149
Congreso de la República del Perú. (2018). Programas y Políticas orientadas al desarrollo del Vraem. https://www.congreso.gob.pe/carpetatematica/2018/carpeta_077/
Connor, D. J. (2008). Organic agriculture cannot feed the world. Field Crops Research, 106(2), 187–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2007.11.010
Cornejo, O. E., Yee, M.-C., Dominguez, V., Andrews, M., Sockell, A., Strandberg, E., Livingstone, D., Stack, C., Romero, A., Umaharan, P., Royaert, S., Tawari, N. R., Ng, P., Gutierrez, O., Phillips, W., Mockaitis, K., Bustamante, C. D., & Motamayor, J. C. (2018). Population genomic analyses of the chocolate tree, Theobroma cacao L., provide insights into its domestication process. Communications Biology, 1(1), 167. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-018-0168-6
European Commission. (2013). Facts and figures on organic agriculture in the European Union. Agriculture and Rural Development, 1–44. https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2019-10/report-organic-agriculture-eu-2013_en_0.pdf
Eskes, A. (2018). Large genetic diversity for fine-flavor traits unveiled in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) with special attention to the native chuncho variety in Cusco, Peru. Agrotrópica (Itabuna), 30(3), 157–174. https://doi.org/10.21757/0103-3816.2018v30n3p157-174
Eskes, A. B., Rodriguez, C. A. C., Ahnert, D., Condori, D., Parizel, A., De, F., Durão, P., Growers, C., & Peru, I. (2017). Advances on Genetical and Naturally Induced Variations for Fine Flavors and Aromas in Theobroma cacao. In International Symposium on Cocoa Research (ISCR), 13–17. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20203127123
Gepts, P. (2006). Plant genetic resources conservation and utilization: The accomplishments and future of a societal insurance policy. Crop Science, 46(5), 2278–2292. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2006.03.0169gas
Glaszmann, J. C., Kilian, B., Upadhyaya, H. D., & Varshney, R. K. (2010). Accessing genetic diversity for crop improvement. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 13(2), 167–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2010.01.004
Gomez, D., & Andrade, V. (2020). Los cultivos agrícolas en el Huila: Análisis de cambios y tendencias. Erasmus Semilleros De Investigación, 5(1). https://journalusco.edu.co/index.php/erasmus/article/ view/2489.
Hellin, J., Bellon, M. R., & Hearne, S. J. (2014). Maize Landraces and Adaptation to Climate Change in Mexico. Journal of Crop Improvement, 28(4), 484–501. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2014.921800
Hoisington, D., Khairallah, M., Reeves, T., Ribaut, J. M., Skovmand, B., Taba, S., & Warburton, M. (1999). Plant genetic resources: What can they contribute toward increased crop productivity? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96(11), 5937–5943. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.11.5937
ICCO. (2020). Quarterly Bulletin of Cocoa Statistics: Agosto 2020. International Cocoa Organization. https://www.icco.org/aug-2020-quarterly-bulletin-of-cocoa-statistics/
INEI. (2020). Estado de la población peruana 2020. Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1743/Libro.pdf
Kooij, S. van der. (2013). Market study of fine flavour cocoa in 11 selected countries – revised version. Royal Tropical Institute, 1–109. https://www.ceintelligence.com/files/documents/Mkt_Study_Fine_Flavoured_Cocoa(1).pdf
Koran, L. M. (1996). Electroconvulsive therapy. Psychiatric Services, 47(1), 23–23. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.47.1.23
Lastra, S., & Thomas, E. (2022). Catálogo de cacaos del Perú (Bioversity Internacional (ed.); 1st ed.). Bioversity y el centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT). https://cacaodiversity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Libro-de-Cacao-Peru-elegidos2.pdf
Lazzarini, G., Richter, T., Felder, T., & Stolze, M. (2022). Market Potential for Organic Cocoa (1st ed.). Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL. https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/43832/1/EN_Marktstudie_Bio-Kakao.pdf
Leifeld, J., Angers, D. A., Chenu, C., Fuhrer, J., Kätterer, T., & Powlson, D. S. (2013). Organic farming gives no climate change benefit through soil carbon sequestration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(11), E984–E984. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1220724110
Lisar, S. Y., Motafakkerazad, R., M., M., & M. Rahm, I. M. (2012). Water Stress in Plants: Causes, Effects and Responses. Water Stress, 10, 39363. https://doi.org/10.5772/39363
Lubke, C. (2020). Female empowerment for the future of cacao. Female Empowerment for the Future of Cacao.
Maffezzoli, F., Ardolino, M., Bacchetti, A., Perona, M., & Renga, F. (2022). Agriculture 4.0: A systematic literature review on the paradigm, technologies and benefits. Futures, 142, 102998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2022.102998
Martelo Gómez, R., Villabona Gómez, N., & Franco Borré, D. (2021). Integración de las técnicas lluvia de ideas, MICMAC y series de tiempo para la definición de variables en el proceso prospectivo. Ciencia e Ingenieria, 6, e074. http://revistas.uniguajira.edu.co/rev/index.php/cei/article/view/151
Mejía, R. A., Ruiz, C., Portales, R., & Rojas, R. (2017). Quality profile of Peruvian dark chocolate: A preliminary approach. International Symposium on Cocoa Research (ISCR), 13–17. https://www.cabdirect.org/globalhealth/abstract/20203127128
Mendoza, W., & Leyva, J. (2017). La economía del VRAEM. Diagnósticos y opciones de política (1era. Ed.) Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional, USAID. https://departamento.pucp.edu.pe/economia/libro/la-economia-del-vraem-diagnosticos-y-opciones-de-politica/
MIDAGRI. (2022). Observatorio de Commodities. Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego. https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/3561419/Commodities%20Cacao%3A%20ene-mar%202022.pdf
MINAM. (2016). Cobertura y Pérdida de Bosques de Junín. Ministerio del Ambiente. https://sinia.minam.gob.pe/documentos/cobertura-perdida-bosques-junin
Motamayor, J. C., Risterucci, A. M., Lopez, P. A., Ortiz, C. F., Moreno, A., & Lanaud, C. (2002). Cacao domestication I: The origin of the cacao cultivated by the Mayas. Heredity, 89(5), 380–386. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800156
Okoffo, E. D., Denkyirah, E. K., Adu, D. T., & Fosu-Mensah, B. Y. (2016). A double-hurdle model estimation of cocoa farmers’ willingness to pay for crop insurance in Ghana. SpringerPlus, 5(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2561-2
Ouborg, N. J., van Treuren, R., & van Damme, J. M. M. (1991). The significance of genetic erosion in the process of extinction. Oecologia, 86(3), 359–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00317601
Prado Maciso, F. (2019). Caracterización agronómica y morfológica de fruto y semilla de cuatro clones promisorios de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), Kimbiri, Cusco [Universidad Nacional de San Cristóbal de Huamanga]. http://repositorio.unsch.edu.pe/handle/UNSCH/3602
Reganold, J. P., & Wachter, J. M. (2016). Organic agriculture in the twenty-first century. Nature Plants, 2(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2015.221
Rice, R. A., & Greenberg, R. (2000). Cacao cultivation and the conservation of biological diversity. Ambio, 29(3), 167–173. https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-29.3.167
Sereno, M. L., Albuquerque, P. S. B., Vencovsky, R., & Figueira, A. (2006). Genetic diversity and natural population structure of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) from the Brazilian Amazon evaluated by microsatellite markers. Conservation Genetics, 7(1), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-005-7568-0
Seufert, V., & Ramankutty, N. (2017). Many shades of gray—the context-dependent performance of organic agriculture. Science Advances, 3(3), e1602638. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1602638
Stolze, M., Piorr, A., Häring, A., & Dabbert, S. (2000). The Environmental Impacts of Organic Farming in Europe. Organic Farming in Europe: Economics and Policy, 6(6), 143. https://projekte.uni-hohenheim.de/i410a/ofeurope/organicfarmingineurope-vol6.pdf
Trewavas, A. (2001). Urban myths of organic farming. Nature, 410(6827), 409–410. https://doi.org/10.1038/35068639
Villar, G., & Zavaleta, D. (2020). I Conversatorio con jóvenes: Experiencias exitosas de jóvenes emprendedores en cacao. Municipalidad Provincial de La Convención En El Marco Del CLXIII Aniversario de La Provincia. https://peru-cacao-diversity.org/conversatorio_jovenes/
Voora, V., Bermúdez, S., & Larrea, C. (2019). Global Market Report: Coffee. In Sustainable Commodities Marketplace Series 2019. https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/global-market-report-coffee
Yeckting Vilela, F. (2017). Situación de riesgo y salud de los adolescentes en el valle de los ríos Apurímac, Ene y Mantaro en Perú. Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública, 34(2), 273. https://doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2017.342.2867
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Edinso Elvis Rodríguez-Delzo, Rodolfo Huerta-Guillén, Ana Gabriela Montañez-Artica
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The authors retain their rights:
a. The authors retain their trademark and patent rights, as well as any process or procedure described in the article.
b. The authors retain the right to share, copy, distribute, execute and publicly communicate the article published in the Revista Agrotecnológica Amazónica (RAA) (for example, place it in an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in the RAA.
c. Authors retain the right to make a subsequent publication of their work, to use the article or any part of it (for example: a compilation of their works, notes for conferences, thesis, or for a book), provided that they indicate the source of publication (authors of the work, journal, volume, number and date).
