Integración de herramientas de manufactura digital en el desarrollo de recursos didácticos ergonómicos: caso de estudio en educación preescolar

Fidel Ramos-Ticlla; Enrique Alejandro Barbachan-Ruales; Richar Palomino-Román; Dany César Carhuavilca-Capcha; Miguel Alejandro Barbachan-Villalobos

doi:10.51252/rcsi.v5i2.973

Autores/as

Fidel Ramos-Ticlla Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle
Enrique Alejandro Barbachan-Ruales Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3175-8896
Richar Palomino-Román Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle
Dany César Carhuavilca-Capcha Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle
Miguel Alejandro Barbachan-Villalobos Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51252/rcsi.v5i2.973

Palabras clave:

aprendizaje infantil, diseño CAD, ergonomía escolar, fabricación asistida computadora, validación pedagógica

Resumen

Este estudio abordó la necesidad de mejorar las condiciones ergonómicas del mobiliario escolar en la educación inicial, considerando su impacto en la postura, seguridad y concentración de los niños. El objetivo fue diseñar, fabricar y validar un módulo educativo ergonómico (mesa y silla) para estudiantes de 3 a 5 años, utilizando herramientas de manufactura digital. Se aplicó un enfoque experimental con cinco fases: recolección de datos antropométricos, modelado CAD, manufactura asistida por computadora (CAM), ensamblaje técnico y validación estructural, ergonómica y pedagógica. El diseño consideró normativas internacionales (ISO 5970, UNE-EN 1729-2, ISO 7174-1) y lineamientos del MINEDU. Los resultados mostraron una eficiencia de corte del 92 %, tiempos de fabricación promedio de 85 minutos y alta resistencia estructural. La validación con docentes y niños evidenció un 94 % de adecuación postural y niveles altos de satisfacción en ergonomía, seguridad y funcionalidad. Se concluyó que es viable integrar tecnologías de fabricación digital en el desarrollo de mobiliario escolar ergonómico, con potencial de replicabilidad y transferencia a instituciones públicas de educación inicial.

Citas

Baba, A., Shahrour, I., & Baba, M. (2024). Indoor Environmental Quality for Comfort Learning Environments: Case Study of Palestinian School Buildings. Buildings, 14(5), 1296. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051296 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051296

Budi, Y. E. P., & Sukmono, T. (2023). Effectiveness of CAD-CAM Application for the Development design and implementation of maintenance tools. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(9), 671–680. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i9.4859 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i9.4859

Cardon, G., De Clercq, D., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., & Breithecker, D. (2004). Sitting habits in elementary schoolchildren: a traditional versus a “Moving school.” Patient Education and Counseling, 54(2), 133–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-3991(03)00215-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-3991(03)00215-5

Cash, P., Daalhuizen, J., & Hekkert, P. (2023). Evaluating the efficacy and effectiveness of design methods: A systematic review and assessment framework. Design Studies, 88, 101204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2023.101204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2023.101204

Chen, H.-F., & Tsai, C.-Y. (2024). The Impact of School Classroom Chair Depth and Height on Learning Tasks. Education Sciences, 14(6), 661. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14060661 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14060661

Dehghan, S., Sattarpanah Karganroudi, S., Echchakoui, S., & Barka, N. (2025). The Integration of Additive Manufacturing into Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0: A Bibliometric Analysis (Trends, Opportunities, and Challenges). Machines, 13(1), 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13010062 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13010062

Esenarro, D., Ccalla, J., Raymundo, V., Castañeda, L., & Davila, S. (2023). Neurostimulating Architecture Applied in the Design of Educational Centers and Early Cognitive Development in the District of Villa El Salvador, Lima. Buildings, 13(12), 3034. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13123034 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13123034

Fazeli, H. R., & Peng, Q. (2022). Generation and evaluation of product concepts by integrating extended axiomatic design, quality function deployment and design structure matrix. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 54, 101716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2022.101716 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2022.101716

Gumasing, M. J. J., Cruz, I. S. V. Dela, Piñon, D. A. A., Rebong, H. N. M., & Sahagun, D. L. P. (2023). Ergonomic Factors Affecting the Learning Motivation and Academic Attention of SHS Students in Distance Learning. Sustainability, 15(12), 9202. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129202 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129202

Kalita, H., Zindani, D., & Kumar, K. (2019). Additive Manufacturing. In Additive Manufacturing Technologies From an Optimization Perspective (pp. 41–76). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9167-2.ch003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9167-2.ch003

Kantaros, A., Diegel, O., Piromalis, D., Tsaramirsis, G., Khadidos, A. O., Khadidos, A. O., Khan, F. Q., & Jan, S. (2022). 3D printing: Making an innovative technology widely accessible through makerspaces and outsourced services. Materials Today: Proceedings, 49, 2712–2723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.074 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.074

Kraus, S., Jones, P., Kailer, N., Weinmann, A., Chaparro-Banegas, N., & Roig-Tierno, N. (2021). Digital Transformation: An Overview of the Current State of the Art of Research. Sage Open, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211047576 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211047576

MINEDU. (2023). Criterios para el Diseño de Mobiliario Educativo de la Educación Básica Regular. https://www.minedu.gob.pe/p/pdf/rvm-n-019-2023-minedu.pdf

Oyetade, K., Zuva, T., & Harmse, A. (2025). Integrating Industry 4.0 technologies into IT education. Cogent Education, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2025.2479195 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2025.2479195

Podrekar Loredan, N., Kastelic, K., Burnard, M. D., & Šarabon, N. (2022). Ergonomic evaluation of school furniture in Slovenia: From primary school to university. Work, 73(1), 229–245. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-210487 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-210487

Rafiyya, A., Kraiwanit, T., Limna, P., Sonsuphap, R., Kasrisom, A., & Snongtaweeporn, T. (2024). Early childhood social-emotional development: an impact on a developing country. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 13(5), 3081. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v13i5.29462 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v13i5.29462

Rasu, S. (2023). The Future of 3D Printing in Prototype Development: Minimizing Prototype Costs and Decreasing Validation Timelines. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences Technology, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.47363/JEAST/2023(5)E134 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47363/JEAST/2023(5)E134

Soomro, S. A., Casakin, H., & Georgiev, G. V. (2021). Sustainable Design and Prototyping Using Digital Fabrication Tools for Education. Sustainability, 13(3), 1196. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031196 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031196

Tihinen, M., Pikkarainen, A., & Joutsenvaara, J. (2021). Digital Manufacturing Challenges Education—SmartLab Concept as a Concrete Example in Tackling These Challenges. Future Internet, 13(8), 192. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13080192 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13080192

Tofail, S. A. M., Koumoulos, E. P., Bandyopadhyay, A., Bose, S., O’Donoghue, L., & Charitidis, C. (2018). Additive manufacturing: scientific and technological challenges, market uptake and opportunities. Materials Today, 21(1), 22–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2017.07.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2017.07.001

Yan, B., & Wang, Y. (2024). Evaluating the impact of technological development policy on the high-quality development of the manufacturing industry: Mechanisms and threshold effects. Heliyon, 10(16), e35858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35858 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35858

Yao, K.-C., Chen, D.-C., Pan, C.-H., & Lin, C.-L. (2024). The Development Trends of Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Machine Tool Technology. Mathematics, 12(13), 1923. https://doi.org/10.3390/math12131923 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/math12131923