Influence of cadmium on vegetative growth and chlorophyll content in seedlings of the genus Theobroma in San Martín
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51252/raa.v6i2.1514Keywords:
cadmium, Theobroma, T. bicolor, T. cacao, T. GrandiflorumAbstract
The genus Theobroma is of great importance in San Martin, but it faces challenges such as cadmium (Cd) contamination. This research determined how different concentrations affect the height, diameter, root length, and number of leaves in Theobroma cacao, T. bicolor, and T. grandiflorum. The results indicated that cadmium negatively affects morphological growth, with T. Grandiflorum being the most affected species, showing a 15% reduction in height at 5 ppm. In T. cacao, the length decreased significantly from 41 cm to 27 cm. In contrast, T. bicolor showed greater resistance, with only an 8% reduction in the number of leaves. Regarding dry biomass, T. bicolor showed a 20% reduction, while T. cacao decreased by 25% at 3 and 5 ppm. With respect to chlorophyll, although there were no statistically significant differences, a decreasing trend was observed in all three species. In conclusion, Theobroma species exhibit some tolerance, but cadmium has the most significant impact on growth and biomass. This analysis is relevant for managing contaminated soils in cacao cultivation.
Downloads
References
Aikpokpodion, P., Lajide, L., & Aiyesanmi, A. F. (2012). Assessment of Heavy Metals Mobility in Selected Contaminated Cocoa Soils in Ondo State, Nigeria. Global Journal of Environmental Research, 6(1), 30–35. https://www.academia.edu/6459035/Corresponding_Author_Assessment_of_Heavy_Metals_Mobility_in_Selected_Contaminated_Cocoa_Soils_in_Ondo_State_Nigeria
Asman, A., Purung, M. H. bin, Lambert, S., Amiruddin, A., & Rosmana, A. (2021). Effect of rootstock and scion on resistance of cocoa clones to vascular streak dieback caused by Ceratobasidium theobromae. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 66(1), 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2021.02.005
Bali, A. S., Sidhu, G. P. S., & Kumar, V. (2020). Root exudates ameliorate cadmium tolerance in plants: A review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 18(4), 1243–1275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01012-x
Chavez, E., He, Z. L., Stoffella, P. J., Mylavarapu, R. S., Li, Y. C., Moyano, B., & Baligar, V. C. (2015). Concentration of cadmium in cacao beans and its relationship with soil cadmium in southern Ecuador. Science of The Total Environment, 533, 205–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.106
CHEN, L., LONG, X.-H., ZHANG, Z.-H., ZHENG, X.-T., RENGEL, Z., & LIU, Z.-P. (2011). Cadmium Accumulation and Translocation in Two Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) Cultivars. Pedosphere, 21(5), 573–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(11)60159-8
Correa, J. E., Ramírez, R., Ruíz, O., & Leiva, E. I. (2021). Effect of soil characteristics on cadmium absorption and plant growth of Theobroma cacao L. seedlings. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 101(13), 5437–5445. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.11192
Del Aguila, K. M., Vallejos-Torres, G., Arévalo, L. A., & Becerra, A. G. (2018). Inoculación de Consorcios Micorrícicos Arbusculares en Coffea arabica, Variedad Caturra en la Región San Martín. Información Tecnológica, 29(1), 137–146. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-07642018000100137
Dong, Q., Fang, J., Huang, F., & Cai, K. (2019). Silicon Amendment Reduces Soil Cd Availability and Cd Uptake of Two Pennisetum Species. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(9), 1624. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091624
Engbersen, N., Gramlich, A., Lopez, M., Schwarz, G., Hattendorf, B., Gutierrez, O., & Schulin, R. (2019). Cadmium accumulation and allocation in different cacao cultivars. Science of The Total Environment, 678, 660–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.001
Farooq, M. A., Ali, S., Hameed, A., Bharwana, S. A., Rizwan, M., Ishaque, W., Farid, M., Mahmood, K., & Iqbal, Z. (2016). Cadmium stress in cotton seedlings: Physiological, photosynthesis and oxidative damages alleviated by glycinebetaine. South African Journal of Botany, 104, 61–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.11.006
Haider, F. U., Liqun, C., Coulter, J. A., Cheema, S. A., Wu, J., Zhang, R., Wenjun, M., & Farooq, M. (2021). Cadmium toxicity in plants: Impacts and remediation strategies. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 211, 111887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111887
Lewis, C., Lennon, A. M., Eudoxie, G., & Umaharan, P. (2018). Genetic variation in bioaccumulation and partitioning of cadmium in Theobroma cacao L. Science of The Total Environment, 640–641, 696–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.365
Pereira de Araújo, R., Furtado de Almeida, A.-A., Silva Pereira, L., Mangabeira, P. A. O., Olimpio Souza, J., Pirovani, C. P., Ahnert, D., & Baligar, V. C. (2017). Photosynthetic, antioxidative, molecular and ultrastructural responses of young cacao plants to Cd toxicity in the soil. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 144, 148–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.06.006
Primost, J. E., Marino, D. J. G., Aparicio, V. C., Costa, J. L., & Carriquiriborde, P. (2017). Glyphosate and AMPA, “pseudo-persistent” pollutants under real-world agricultural management practices in the Mesopotamic Pampas agroecosystem, Argentina. Environmental Pollution, 229, 771–779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.006
Ribeiro, M. A. Q., de Almeida, A.-A. F., Alves, T. F. O., Gramacho, K. P., Pirovani, C. P., & Valle, R. R. (2016). Rootstock × scion interactions on Theobroma cacao resistance to witches’ broom: photosynthetic, nutritional and antioxidant metabolism responses. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 38(3), 73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-016-2095-9
Ríos Vega, A. (1957). La relación patrón-injerto en la propagación vegetativa del cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). Acta Agronómica, 7(3–4), 223–232. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=9447590
Sánchez-Pardo, B., Carpena, R. O., & Zornoza, P. (2013). Cadmium in white lupin nodules: Impact on nitrogen and carbon metabolism. Journal of Plant Physiology, 170(3), 265–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2012.10.001
Sandalio, L. M., Dalurzo, H. C., Gómez, M., Romero‐Puertas, M. C., & del Río, L. A. (2001). Cadmium‐induced changes in the growth and oxidative metabolism of pea plants. Journal of Experimental Botany, 52(364), 2115–2126. https://doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/52.364.2115
Solis Dominguez, F., Gonzalez Chavez, M., Carrillo Gonzalez, R., & Rodriguez Vazquez, R. (2007). Accumulation and localization of cadmium in Echinochloa polystachya grown within a hydroponic system. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 141(3), 630–636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.07.014
Tziourrou, P., Golia, E. E., Barbieri, E., Androudi, M., Triantafyllidou, E., Kalaronis, D., & Tsaliki, E. (2026). Soil Metal Pollution Gradients and Cadmium Uptake Responses of Accumulator Plants in Mediterranean Environments. Environments, 13(4), 213. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13040213
Vallejos-Torres, G., Ruíz-Valles, R., Chappa-Santa María, C. E., Gaona-Jiménez, N., & Marín, C. (2021). Una alta diversidad de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares influye en la absorción de cadmio y crecimiento vegetal del cacao. Bioagro, 34(1), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.51372/bioagro341.7
YIN, J. P. T. (2004). Rootstock effects on cocoa in Sabah, Malaysia. Experimental Agriculture, 40(4), 445–452. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479704002108
Zakariyya, F., Iman Santoso, T., & Abdoellah, S. (2022). Absorption of Cadmium and its Effect on the Growth of Halfsib Family of Three Cocoa Clones Seedling. Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal), 38(3), 171–178. https://doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v38i3.534
Zug, K. L. M., Huamaní Yupanqui, H. A., Meyberg, F., Cierjacks, J. S., & Cierjacks, A. (2019). Cadmium Accumulation in Peruvian Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) and Opportunities for Mitigation. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 230(3), 72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-019-4109-x
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Mairan Noelia García-Vallejos, Geomar Vallejos-Torres
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The authors retain their rights:
a. The authors retain their trademark and patent rights, as well as any process or procedure described in the article.
b. The authors retain the right to share, copy, distribute, execute and publicly communicate the article published in the Revista Agrotecnológica Amazónica (RAA) (for example, place it in an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in the RAA.
c. Authors retain the right to make a subsequent publication of their work, to use the article or any part of it (for example: a compilation of their works, notes for conferences, thesis, or for a book), provided that they indicate the source of publication (authors of the work, journal, volume, number and date).
